pensyarah universiti
pusat kajian kejuruteraan tisu & perubatan regeneratif
dain@ukm.edu.my
Biografi/ Biography :
Comprehensive knowledge of signaling molecules and the expression trends of numerous molecular regulators play a crucial role in orchestrating appropriate cellular responses, such as cytoskeletal changes, cell growth and division, matrix synthesis and degradation, differentiation, cell senescence, and apoptosis. This understanding is essential for maintaining cellular equilibrium and is of paramount importance in the development of novel therapeutic targets by exploring how cells communicate with each other and how cell signaling pathways are implicated in the pathophysiology of diseases.
Currently, scientific research is focused on unraveling the mechanisms of action and consequences of specific protein expression modifications, enabling the potential for targeted manipulation in therapeutic interventions. Stem cells and their derivatives, known as secretomics, offer an extensive reservoir of signaling molecules that captivates the scientific community, yet their functions remain incompletely understood. Harnessing the potential of stem cells has paved the way for personalized medicine, making therapeutic approaches tailored to individual patients achievable.
Hence, it becomes crucial to comprehend the specific signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of various diseases, including rare conditions like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Vagina Agenesis, as well as non-communicable diseases such as Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding these pathways is essential before introducing any compound, protein, or drug for treatment, as it ensures the safety and efficacy of proposed therapeutic approaches.
By focusing on these fundamental principles of cellular communication and signaling, researchers can uncover new avenues for therapeutic development and advancements in the field of medicine, ultimately improving the lives of patients suffering from a wide range of diseases.
yi ting lee, mohd heikal mohd yunus, muhammad dain yazid and azizah ugusman. (2024). unraveling the path to osteoarthritis management: targeting chondrocyte apoptosis for therapeutic intervention. - frontiers in cell and developmental biology. 1-16.
alvin man lung chan, angela min hwei ng, mohd heikal mohd yunus, ruszymah hj idrus, jia xian law, muhammad dain yazid, kok-yong chin, mohd rafizul mohd yusof, see nguan ng, benson koh & yogeswaran lokanathan. (2024). single high-dose intravenous injection of wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell exerts protective effects in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. - stem cell research & therapy. 1-19.
yogeswaran a/l lokanathan;ruszymah binti haji idrus;norazlina binti mohamed;mohd heikal bin mohd yunus;shamsul azhar bin shah;anis ezdiana binti abdul aziz;ng min hwei;shiplu roy chowdhury;muhammad da`in bin yazid;chow yock ping;chin kok yong;law jia xian. (2024). program: identifying degenerative disease burden among elderly population in klang valley and innovative intervention modalities. sub project: animal study on the safety and efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal/ stem cell therapy in delaying the pr. - . .
yogeswaran a/l lokanathan;mohd rafizul bin mohd yusof;mohd heikal bin mohd yunus;ng min hwei;muhammad da`in bin yazid;chin kok yong;law jia xian;sharen @ sharen aini binti shamsuddin;mohd asyraf bin mat afandi;rabiatul adawiyah binti razali. (2024). efficacy study of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapy for treatment for metabolic syndrome in animal model. - . .
ruth naomi, rusydatul nabila mahmad rusli, fezah othman, santhra segaran balan, azrina zainal abidin, hashim embong, soo huat teoh, azmiza syawani jasni, siti hadizah jumidil, hasnah bahari and muhammad dain yazid. (2023). the role of elateriospermum tapos yoghurt in mitigating high-fat dietary cause of maternal obesity - an experimental study. - frontiers in endocrinology. 1-14.
yi ting lee, mohd heikal mohd yunus, muhammad dain yazid and azizah ugusman. (2024). unraveling the path to osteoarthritis management: targeting chondrocyte apoptosis for therapeutic intervention. - frontiers in cell and developmental biology. 1-16.
alvin man lung chan, angela min hwei ng, mohd heikal mohd yunus, ruszymah hj idrus, jia xian law, muhammad dain yazid, kok-yong chin, mohd rafizul mohd yusof, see nguan ng, benson koh & yogeswaran lokanathan. (2024). single high-dose intravenous injection of wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell exerts protective effects in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. - stem cell research & therapy. 1-19.
ruth n, rusydatul nabila mr, fezah othman, santhra segaran balan, azrina zainal abidin, hashim embong, soo huat teoh, azmiza syawani jasni, siti hadizah jumidil, khaled salem yaslam ba matraf, zainul amiruddin zakaria, hasnah bahari, muhammad dain yazid. (2023). elateriospermum tapos yogurt supplement in maternal obese dams during pregnancy modulates the body composition of f1 generation. - nutrients. 1-19.
ubashini vijakumaran, janushaa shanmugam, jun wei heng, siti sarah azman, muhammad dain yazid, nur atiqah haizum abdullah and nadiah sulaiman. (2023). effects of hydroxytyrosol in endothelial functioning: a comprehensive review. - molecules. 1-19.
rabiatul adawiyah razali, muhammad dain yazid, aminuddin saim, ruszymah bt hj idrus, yogeswaran lokanathan. (2023). approaches in hydroxytyrosol supplementation on epithelial - mesenchymal transition in tgfb1-induced human respiratory epithelial cells. - international journal of molecular sciences. 1-18.
intan zarina zainol abidin, thanaletchumi manogaran, rohaya megat abdul wahab, saiful anuar karsani, muhammad dain yazid, farinawati yazid, zaidah zainal ariffin, anis nabilah johari, shahrul hisham zainal ariffin. (2023). label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of ascorbic acid-induced differentially expressed osteoblast-related proteins in dental pulp stem cells from deciduous and permanent teeth. - current stem cell research & therapy. 417-428.
izyan mohd idris, fazlina nordin, nur jannaim muhamad, julaina abdul jalil, fatimah diana amin nordin, rosnani mohamed, adiratna mat ripen, gee jun tye, wan safwani wan kamarul zaman, muhammad dain yazid & min hwei ng. (2023). the establishment of in-vitro human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. - sains malaysiana. 849-862.
muhammad dain yazid, siti sarah azman, nadiah sulaiman, nur azurah abdul ghani, mohd ramzisham abdul rahman. (2023). optimisation of umbilical artery endothelial cells denudation for endothelial-vascular smooth muscle cells signalling ex vivo. - international journal of experimental pathology. 11.
mohamad fikeri ishak, muhammad dain yazid, andrew r bond, vito d bruno, mohd ramzisham abdul rahman, sarah j george, raimondo ascione, nadiah sulaiman. (2023). coated commercially available matrix as an alternative coronary graft: patency analysis. - international journal of experimental pathology. 14-15.
shahrul hisham zainal ariffin, thanaletchumi manogaran, rohaya megat abdul wahab, saiful anuar karsani, intan zarina zainol abidin, farinawati yazid, muhammad dain yazid, zaidah zainal ariffin. (2022). profil protein sekretom sel stem pulpa gigi manusia semasa aruhan asid askorbik. - sains malaysiana. 2173-2186.
yi ting lee, mohd heikal mohd yunus, muhammad dain yazid and azizah ugusman. (2024). unraveling the path to osteoarthritis management: targeting chondrocyte apoptosis for therapeutic intervention. - frontiers in cell and developmental biology. 1-16.
alvin man lung chan, angela min hwei ng, mohd heikal mohd yunus, ruszymah hj idrus, jia xian law, muhammad dain yazid, kok-yong chin, mohd rafizul mohd yusof, see nguan ng, benson koh & yogeswaran lokanathan. (2024). single high-dose intravenous injection of wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell exerts protective effects in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. - stem cell research & therapy. 1-19.
izyan mohd idris, fazlina nordin, nur jannaim muhamad, julaina abdul jalil, fatimah diana amin nordin, rosnani mohamed, adiratna mat ripen, gee jun tye, wan safwani wan kamarul zaman, muhammad dain yazid & min hwei ng. (2023). the establishment of in-vitro human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. - sains malaysiana. 849-862.
intan zarina zainol abidin, anis nabilah johari, muhammad dain yazid, zaidah zainal ariffin, herryawan ryadi eziwar dyari, shahrul hisham zainal ariffin. (2023). osteogenic potential and bioactive profiles of piper sarmentosum ethanolic extract-treated stem cells. - pharmaceuticals. 1-15.
intan zarina zainol abidin, anis nabilah johari, zaidah zainal ariffin, muhammad dain yazid, herryawan ryadi eziwar dyari, shahrul hisham zainal ariffin. (2023). cytotoxic and osteoblast differentiation induction properties of crude polar extract of piper sarmentosum leaves. - journal of tropical life science. 231-238.
shiplu roy chowdhury, yogeswaran lokanathan, law jia xian, fauzi mh busra, muhammad dain yazid, nadiah sulaiman, gargy lahiry and md enamul hoque. (2020). design and manufacturing. - . 22.
ling ling liau, qi hao looi, sue ping eng, muhammad dain yazid, nadiah sulaiman, mohd fauzi mh busra, min hwei ng, jia xian law. (2020). stem cells: from hype to hope. - . 33.
kok-yong chin, muhammad dain yazid, mohd hafidzul jasman, raynuha mahadevan & siti mariam bujang. (2022). the covid-19 pandemic : the experiences of hospital canselor tuanku muhriz (hctm). - . 16.
ling ling liau, qi hao looi, sue ping eng, muhammad dain yazid, nadiah sulaiman, mohd fauzi mh busra, min hwei ng, jia xian law. (2020). stem cells: from hype to hope. - . 33.
shiplu roy chowdhury, yogeswaran lokanathan, law jia xian, fauzi mh busra, muhammad dain yazid, nadiah sulaiman, gargy lahiry and md enamul hoque. (2020). design and manufacturing. - . 22.
yogeswaran a/l lokanathan;ruszymah binti haji idrus;norazlina binti mohamed;mohd heikal bin mohd yunus;shamsul azhar bin shah;anis ezdiana binti abdul aziz;ng min hwei;shiplu roy chowdhury;muhammad da`in bin yazid;chow yock ping;chin kok yong;law jia xian. (2024). program: identifying degenerative disease burden among elderly population in klang valley and innovative intervention modalities. sub project: animal study on the safety and efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal/ stem cell therapy in delaying the pr. - . .
yogeswaran a/l lokanathan;mohd rafizul bin mohd yusof;mohd heikal bin mohd yunus;ng min hwei;muhammad da`in bin yazid;chin kok yong;law jia xian;sharen @ sharen aini binti shamsuddin;mohd asyraf bin mat afandi;rabiatul adawiyah binti razali. (2024). efficacy study of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapy for treatment for metabolic syndrome in animal model. - . .
yogeswaran a/l lokanathan;amaramalar selvi naicker;ohnmar htwe @ rashidah binti ismail;brenda saria binti yuliawiratman;ng min hwei;ramesh kumar a/l athi kumar;muhammad da`in bin yazid. (2023). effect of neuroaid (mlc 901) on spinal cord regeneration in in vivo spinal cord injury model and its mechanism of action. - . .
muhammad da`in bin yazid;ruszymah binti haji idrus;shahrul hisham bin zainal ariffin;mohd fauzi bin mh busra;nadiah binti sulaiman. (2023). elucidating the correlation between pax7 regulation and mtorc2 signalling in human duchenne muscular dystrophy skeletal muscle cells. - . .
yogeswaran lokanathan, anam anjum, muhammad dain yazid, muhammad fauzi daud, min hwei ng, amaramalar selvi naicker, ohnmar htwe ismail, ramesh kumar athi kumar, jalilah idris. (2023). kainic acid excitotoxicity induced chemical spinal cord injury in vivo model for assessment of neuroregeneration potential of drugs. - tissue engineering and regenerative medicine international society (termis) european chapter meeting 2023. PP408.
| Geran / Grant | Kolaborator / Collaborator | Status |
|---|---|---|
| UNRAVELLING SUBCELLULAR DYNAMICS OF RICTOR FOR ACTIN REMODELLING IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (DMD) | ming medical services sdn bhd | 56.4% (2023-10-01 sehingga 2025-09-30) |
| UNRAVELLING SUBCELLULAR DYNAMICS OF RICTOR FOR ACTIN REMODELLING IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (DMD) | malaysian rare disorders society (mrds) | 56.4% (2023-10-01 sehingga 2025-09-30) |
| EXPLORING NEURONAL EXPANSION BY PHOENIXIN IN PARKINSON`S DISEASE IN VITRO MODEL | monash university | 56.4% (2023-10-01 sehingga 2025-09-30) |
| IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF EXOSOME-HYALURONIC ACID SYNERGY IN ORAL WOUND HEALING | wari technologies sdn. bhd. | 2.1% (2024-11-01 sehingga 2026-10-31) |
pensyarah universiti
jabatan kejuruteraan tisu & perubatan regeneratif
dain@ukm.edu.my
Biografi/ Biography :
PENSYARAH UNIVERSITI
yi ting lee, mohd heikal mohd yunus, muhammad dain yazid and azizah ugusman. (2024). unraveling the path to osteoarthritis management: targeting chondrocyte apoptosis for therapeutic intervention. - frontiers in cell and developmental biology. 1-16.
alvin man lung chan, angela min hwei ng, mohd heikal mohd yunus, ruszymah hj idrus, jia xian law, muhammad dain yazid, kok-yong chin, mohd rafizul mohd yusof, see nguan ng, benson koh & yogeswaran lokanathan. (2024). single high-dose intravenous injection of wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell exerts protective effects in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. - stem cell research & therapy. 1-19.
yogeswaran a/l lokanathan;ruszymah binti haji idrus;norazlina binti mohamed;mohd heikal bin mohd yunus;shamsul azhar bin shah;anis ezdiana binti abdul aziz;ng min hwei;shiplu roy chowdhury;muhammad da`in bin yazid;chow yock ping;chin kok yong;law jia xian. (2024). program: identifying degenerative disease burden among elderly population in klang valley and innovative intervention modalities. sub project: animal study on the safety and efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal/ stem cell therapy in delaying the pr. - . .
yogeswaran a/l lokanathan;mohd rafizul bin mohd yusof;mohd heikal bin mohd yunus;ng min hwei;muhammad da`in bin yazid;chin kok yong;law jia xian;sharen @ sharen aini binti shamsuddin;mohd asyraf bin mat afandi;rabiatul adawiyah binti razali. (2024). efficacy study of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapy for treatment for metabolic syndrome in animal model. - . .
ruth naomi, rusydatul nabila mahmad rusli, fezah othman, santhra segaran balan, azrina zainal abidin, hashim embong, soo huat teoh, azmiza syawani jasni, siti hadizah jumidil, hasnah bahari and muhammad dain yazid. (2023). the role of elateriospermum tapos yoghurt in mitigating high-fat dietary cause of maternal obesity - an experimental study. - frontiers in endocrinology. 1-14.
yi ting lee, mohd heikal mohd yunus, muhammad dain yazid and azizah ugusman. (2024). unraveling the path to osteoarthritis management: targeting chondrocyte apoptosis for therapeutic intervention. - frontiers in cell and developmental biology. 1-16.
alvin man lung chan, angela min hwei ng, mohd heikal mohd yunus, ruszymah hj idrus, jia xian law, muhammad dain yazid, kok-yong chin, mohd rafizul mohd yusof, see nguan ng, benson koh & yogeswaran lokanathan. (2024). single high-dose intravenous injection of wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell exerts protective effects in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. - stem cell research & therapy. 1-19.
ruth n, rusydatul nabila mr, fezah othman, santhra segaran balan, azrina zainal abidin, hashim embong, soo huat teoh, azmiza syawani jasni, siti hadizah jumidil, khaled salem yaslam ba matraf, zainul amiruddin zakaria, hasnah bahari, muhammad dain yazid. (2023). elateriospermum tapos yogurt supplement in maternal obese dams during pregnancy modulates the body composition of f1 generation. - nutrients. 1-19.
ubashini vijakumaran, janushaa shanmugam, jun wei heng, siti sarah azman, muhammad dain yazid, nur atiqah haizum abdullah and nadiah sulaiman. (2023). effects of hydroxytyrosol in endothelial functioning: a comprehensive review. - molecules. 1-19.
rabiatul adawiyah razali, muhammad dain yazid, aminuddin saim, ruszymah bt hj idrus, yogeswaran lokanathan. (2023). approaches in hydroxytyrosol supplementation on epithelial - mesenchymal transition in tgfb1-induced human respiratory epithelial cells. - international journal of molecular sciences. 1-18.
intan zarina zainol abidin, thanaletchumi manogaran, rohaya megat abdul wahab, saiful anuar karsani, muhammad dain yazid, farinawati yazid, zaidah zainal ariffin, anis nabilah johari, shahrul hisham zainal ariffin. (2023). label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of ascorbic acid-induced differentially expressed osteoblast-related proteins in dental pulp stem cells from deciduous and permanent teeth. - current stem cell research & therapy. 417-428.
izyan mohd idris, fazlina nordin, nur jannaim muhamad, julaina abdul jalil, fatimah diana amin nordin, rosnani mohamed, adiratna mat ripen, gee jun tye, wan safwani wan kamarul zaman, muhammad dain yazid & min hwei ng. (2023). the establishment of in-vitro human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. - sains malaysiana. 849-862.
muhammad dain yazid, siti sarah azman, nadiah sulaiman, nur azurah abdul ghani, mohd ramzisham abdul rahman. (2023). optimisation of umbilical artery endothelial cells denudation for endothelial-vascular smooth muscle cells signalling ex vivo. - international journal of experimental pathology. 11.
mohamad fikeri ishak, muhammad dain yazid, andrew r bond, vito d bruno, mohd ramzisham abdul rahman, sarah j george, raimondo ascione, nadiah sulaiman. (2023). coated commercially available matrix as an alternative coronary graft: patency analysis. - international journal of experimental pathology. 14-15.
shahrul hisham zainal ariffin, thanaletchumi manogaran, rohaya megat abdul wahab, saiful anuar karsani, intan zarina zainol abidin, farinawati yazid, muhammad dain yazid, zaidah zainal ariffin. (2022). profil protein sekretom sel stem pulpa gigi manusia semasa aruhan asid askorbik. - sains malaysiana. 2173-2186.
yi ting lee, mohd heikal mohd yunus, muhammad dain yazid and azizah ugusman. (2024). unraveling the path to osteoarthritis management: targeting chondrocyte apoptosis for therapeutic intervention. - frontiers in cell and developmental biology. 1-16.
alvin man lung chan, angela min hwei ng, mohd heikal mohd yunus, ruszymah hj idrus, jia xian law, muhammad dain yazid, kok-yong chin, mohd rafizul mohd yusof, see nguan ng, benson koh & yogeswaran lokanathan. (2024). single high-dose intravenous injection of wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell exerts protective effects in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. - stem cell research & therapy. 1-19.
izyan mohd idris, fazlina nordin, nur jannaim muhamad, julaina abdul jalil, fatimah diana amin nordin, rosnani mohamed, adiratna mat ripen, gee jun tye, wan safwani wan kamarul zaman, muhammad dain yazid & min hwei ng. (2023). the establishment of in-vitro human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. - sains malaysiana. 849-862.
intan zarina zainol abidin, anis nabilah johari, muhammad dain yazid, zaidah zainal ariffin, herryawan ryadi eziwar dyari, shahrul hisham zainal ariffin. (2023). osteogenic potential and bioactive profiles of piper sarmentosum ethanolic extract-treated stem cells. - pharmaceuticals. 1-15.
intan zarina zainol abidin, anis nabilah johari, zaidah zainal ariffin, muhammad dain yazid, herryawan ryadi eziwar dyari, shahrul hisham zainal ariffin. (2023). cytotoxic and osteoblast differentiation induction properties of crude polar extract of piper sarmentosum leaves. - journal of tropical life science. 231-238.
shiplu roy chowdhury, yogeswaran lokanathan, law jia xian, fauzi mh busra, muhammad dain yazid, nadiah sulaiman, gargy lahiry and md enamul hoque. (2020). design and manufacturing. - . 22.
ling ling liau, qi hao looi, sue ping eng, muhammad dain yazid, nadiah sulaiman, mohd fauzi mh busra, min hwei ng, jia xian law. (2020). stem cells: from hype to hope. - . 33.
kok-yong chin, muhammad dain yazid, mohd hafidzul jasman, raynuha mahadevan & siti mariam bujang. (2022). the covid-19 pandemic : the experiences of hospital canselor tuanku muhriz (hctm). - . 16.
ling ling liau, qi hao looi, sue ping eng, muhammad dain yazid, nadiah sulaiman, mohd fauzi mh busra, min hwei ng, jia xian law. (2020). stem cells: from hype to hope. - . 33.
shiplu roy chowdhury, yogeswaran lokanathan, law jia xian, fauzi mh busra, muhammad dain yazid, nadiah sulaiman, gargy lahiry and md enamul hoque. (2020). design and manufacturing. - . 22.
yogeswaran a/l lokanathan;ruszymah binti haji idrus;norazlina binti mohamed;mohd heikal bin mohd yunus;shamsul azhar bin shah;anis ezdiana binti abdul aziz;ng min hwei;shiplu roy chowdhury;muhammad da`in bin yazid;chow yock ping;chin kok yong;law jia xian. (2024). program: identifying degenerative disease burden among elderly population in klang valley and innovative intervention modalities. sub project: animal study on the safety and efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal/ stem cell therapy in delaying the pr. - . .
yogeswaran a/l lokanathan;mohd rafizul bin mohd yusof;mohd heikal bin mohd yunus;ng min hwei;muhammad da`in bin yazid;chin kok yong;law jia xian;sharen @ sharen aini binti shamsuddin;mohd asyraf bin mat afandi;rabiatul adawiyah binti razali. (2024). efficacy study of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapy for treatment for metabolic syndrome in animal model. - . .
yogeswaran a/l lokanathan;amaramalar selvi naicker;ohnmar htwe @ rashidah binti ismail;brenda saria binti yuliawiratman;ng min hwei;ramesh kumar a/l athi kumar;muhammad da`in bin yazid. (2023). effect of neuroaid (mlc 901) on spinal cord regeneration in in vivo spinal cord injury model and its mechanism of action. - . .
muhammad da`in bin yazid;ruszymah binti haji idrus;shahrul hisham bin zainal ariffin;mohd fauzi bin mh busra;nadiah binti sulaiman. (2023). elucidating the correlation between pax7 regulation and mtorc2 signalling in human duchenne muscular dystrophy skeletal muscle cells. - . .
yogeswaran lokanathan, anam anjum, muhammad dain yazid, muhammad fauzi daud, min hwei ng, amaramalar selvi naicker, ohnmar htwe ismail, ramesh kumar athi kumar, jalilah idris. (2023). kainic acid excitotoxicity induced chemical spinal cord injury in vivo model for assessment of neuroregeneration potential of drugs. - tissue engineering and regenerative medicine international society (termis) european chapter meeting 2023. PP408.
| Geran / Grant | Kolaborator / Collaborator | Status |
|---|---|---|
| UNRAVELLING SUBCELLULAR DYNAMICS OF RICTOR FOR ACTIN REMODELLING IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (DMD) | ming medical services sdn bhd | 56.4% (2023-10-01 sehingga 2025-09-30) |
| UNRAVELLING SUBCELLULAR DYNAMICS OF RICTOR FOR ACTIN REMODELLING IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (DMD) | malaysian rare disorders society (mrds) | 56.4% (2023-10-01 sehingga 2025-09-30) |
| EXPLORING NEURONAL EXPANSION BY PHOENIXIN IN PARKINSON`S DISEASE IN VITRO MODEL | monash university | 56.4% (2023-10-01 sehingga 2025-09-30) |
| IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF EXOSOME-HYALURONIC ACID SYNERGY IN ORAL WOUND HEALING | wari technologies sdn. bhd. | 2.1% (2024-11-01 sehingga 2026-10-31) |